Abstract Background Social insects form densely crowded societies in environments with high pathogen loads, but have evolved collective defences that mitigate the impact of disease.However, colony-founding queens lack this protection and suffer high rates of mortality.The impact of pathogens may be exacerbated in species where queens found colonies

Abstract Brainstem dysfunctions are very common in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and are a critical predictive factor for future disability.Brainstem functionality can be explored with blink reflexes, subcortical responses consisting in a blink following a peripheral stimulation.Some reflexes are already pop smoke muscle employed in clinical practice, su

Introduction In some clinical scenarios obsessive and delusive symptoms exhibit several similarities, making it challenging to differentiate between schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).There are numerous reports of patients suffering from those disorders and manifesting both psychotic and obsession-like fea

Hyperglycemia, which occurs under the diabetic condition, induces serious diabetic complications.Diabetic neuropathies, affecting the tequila dame mas premium autonomic, sensory, and motor peripheral nervous system, are among the most frequent complications of diabetes.Little is known about the direct toxic effect of high glucose concentrations on